From the US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health. In-depth study of pill mills funded by National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Pain Management
In Dreamland's chapter "The Revolution," (pp 92-99) Quinones chronicles the shift from prescribing opiates only to patients dying from cancer to those with chronic pain. He refers to the following sources:
This paper by Portenoy and Foley, published in the May, 1986 issue of the medical journal Pain became what Quinones describes as "a declaration of independence for the vanguard of pain specialists interested in using opiates for chronic pain..." (p 92) abstract only- request full article through InterLibrary Loan.
Time magazine article published on June 24th, 2001 contending that the fear patients would become addicted to opiates is unwarranted, citing Foley, Portenoy and others.